A history of the early years of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the life and career of James Bowdoin, the Academy's first president, are given careful consideration by Frank and Fritzie Manuel. The strength of the work rests in a combination of its subject matter and execution. The subject matter is both intrinsically interesting and simultaneously neglected. Neither the accomplishments of Bowdoin nor the contributions of the members of the Academy have been adequately studied, and the Manuel's careful exploration is a valuable addition to our understanding of the founding of the nation. Using primary manuscript sources in the AAAS itself, the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Archives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and the Huntington Library, the work is, by turns, witty, learned, and often simply fascinating. The Manuels have produced a volume that offers an incomparable account of one of Revolutionary America's most elusive and fascinating figures.

When Benjamin Franklin adopted John Bartram's 1739 idea of bringing together the "virtuosi" of the colonies to promote inquiries into "natural secrets, arts and syances," the result was, in 1743, the founding of the American Philosophical Society. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr. records the early years of the Society through sketches of its first members, those elected between 1743 and 1769. Volume 1 includes biographies of some of the Society's best known members such as Franklin, David Rittenhouse, John Bartram, Benjamin Rush, John Dickinson, Thomas Hopkinson and many lesser known merchants, artisans, farmers, physicians, lawyers and clergymen with familiar surnames such as Biddle, Colden, and Morris. A history of this earliest society and its offshoots before 1769, the Young Junto and the American Society for Promoting and Propagating Useful Knowledge, are also included. These sketches, written over several decades, represent in Whitfield J. Bell's words, "the first systematic attempt to collect and preserve data on the lives of [the Society's first] members" and add much to our knowledge of the history and culture of eighteenth-century America.

THIS VOLUME CONTINUES Marshall Clagett' s studies of the various aspects of the science of Ancient Egypt. Like its predecessors, it has two main objectives: first to summarize and analyze the principal features of a nascent and yet important part of that science, namely its mathematics, and second to present in English six of the most important mathematical documents on which the preceding analysis was based. Thus we find treated in the first part of the work Egyptian measurement that lay behind the various calculating procedures, the procedures themselves, and the model problems that were gathered together to aid the calculators in their efforts to complete practcal measures. The author includes detailed descriptions of the various kinds of tables that the Egyptians depended upon in their calculations, an important one being the Table of Two that presented the division of 2 by the odd numbers from 3 to 101. This table reveals the nature of Egyptian fractions and their form of notation as the sums of unit fractions, a form leading to the use of a concept very useful for measure-ment, that of significant fractional approximations achieved by dropping one or more of the lesser fractions at the end of a set of unit fractions. The Table of Two occupies the first section of the most important of all Egyptian mathematical documents, the Rhind Papyrus, the papyrus which stands at the head of the documents in Part II of the volume. Following the series of documents in Part II with their extensive endnotes, the author gives in Part III a bibliography, an Index of Egyptian Terms, and an Index of Proper Names and Subjects. To assist the reader who controls the Egyptian language there is finally an extensive collection of illustrations which includes, together with pertinent diagrams and tables, reproductions of the hieratic texts of the documents with their hieroglyphic transcriptions.

61 pp., $15.00 paper.

Babylonian and Assyrian early civilizations left a "vast corpus of records and scribes," preserved through the medium of cuneiform writing on clay tablets. Erica Reiner looks back on the last half-century and more of work on the Chicago Assyrian dictionary project at the Oriental Institute of Chicago, focusing particularly on the reformulation of the task that took place during her early years of participation in the 1950s and 1960s. This included intellectual clashes between eminent scholars such as Thorkild Jacobsen and Leo Oppenheim. Benno Landsberger, an unrivaled older magister of the field in they eyes of both Jacobsen and Openheim, in the end supported Oppenheim and helped to move the project forward. Oriental Institute director Robert McC. Adams "concurs warmly in the course that has finally made the CAD not only a reality of the kind Oppenheim envisioned but one of the great and enduring humanistic achievements of our time."

Interpretation of heavenly phenomena as signs of the future was a Mesopotamian tradition of great antiquity. The practice of Babylonian celestial divination, spanning a period from ca. 1800 B.C. to Hellenistic times, is known in the form of celestial omens portending the life of the king and stability of the state. Emerging for the first time in the fifth century B.C., horoscopes reflect the application of the idea and practice of celestial divination to the life of the individual. Whereas an omen focuses on a single astronomical phenomenon, the horoscope takes into account the positions of the moon, sun, and five naked-eye planets at the moment of a birth. As such, Babylonian horoscopes presuppose the concept of the ecliptic and a methodology for obtaining the positions of heavenly bodies when they are not observable. This is the first complete edition of the extant cuneiform horoscopes-- with transcription and philological and astronomical commentary. It is the first study to offer a systematic description of the documents as a definable class of Babylonian astronomical/astrological texts. Publication of the Babylonian horoscopes fills a significant gap in our materials for the history of Western astrology as well as of ancient astronomy, and provides a rich source for further study of the transmission of astronomical science from ancient Babylonia to the Greeks

For the people of Chuuk and for students of religion and Micronesian culture, this book pulls together and makes available in English the somewhat scattered published accounts (largely in German), along with Goodenough's own (as yet unpublished) information about religious beliefs and ritual practices in pre-Christian Chuuk. The materials are presented in a way that seeks to document and illustrate a particular approach, a functional one, to understanding the kinds of human concerns that give rise to religious behavior. Simply to describe traditional beliefs and rituals without the relevant social background information leaves the reader without any feeling for what were the emotional concerns, engendered by life in Chuukese society, that ritual practices helped people address. Ward Goodenough offers a theoretical introduction, the necessary background information about Chuuk and the ways in which members of Chuukese society experienced themselves and their fellows, the world view and overall set of beliefs providing the intellectual framework within which ritual practices were formulated and understood, and the various bodies of ritual practices. He concludes the book with a summary that pulls together how the rituals described appear to related to the emotional concerns that growing up and living in Chuuk tended to create.

This catalogue of the astronomical manuscripts preserved at the Maharaja Man Singh Museum provides a substantial part of the foundation for an extensive and penetrating analysis of the astronomical activities of Sawäï Jayasimha Maharaja from 1700 to 1743. Jayasimha collected Sanskrit manuscripts of traditional Indian astronomy, acquired Arabic and Persian manuscripts representative of the Muslim interpretation of Ptolemaic astronomy, built five observatories at which he employed both Hindu and Muslim observors, and produced a set of astronomical tables in Persian based on the Latin tables of Philippe de La Hire.

Interpretation of heavenly phenomena as signs of the future was a Mesopotamian tradition of great antiquity. The practice of Babylonian celestial divination, spanning a period from ca. 1800 B.C. to Hellenistic times, is known in the form of celestial omens portending the life of the king and stability of the state. Emerging for the first time in the fifth century B.C., horoscopes reflect the application of the idea and practice of celestial divination to the life of the individual. Whereas an omen focuses on a single astronomical phenomenon, the horoscope takes into account the positions of the moon, sun, and five naked-eye planets at the moment of a birth. As such, Babylonian horoscopes presuppose the concept of the ecliptic and a methodology for obtaining the positions of heavenly bodies when they are not observable. This is the first complete edition of the extant cuneiform horoscopes-- with transcription and philological and astronomical commentary. It is the first study to offer a systematic description of the documents as a definable class of Babylonian astronomical/astrological texts. Publication of the Babylonian horoscopes fills a significant gap in our materials for the history of Western astrology as well as of ancient astronomy, and provides a rich source for further study of the transmission of astronomical science from ancient Babylonia to the Greeks

More than five centuries after his birth, the contradictions embodied by the Florentine sculptor Baccio Bandinelli (1493-1560) remain as mysterious as ever. Revered by contemporaries as one of the most important sculptors of his time, he was reviled by his enemies as a truculent, foul-mouthed, avaricious, sycophantic, craven humbug. But the originality and power or Bandinelli's work, and the long shadow it cast over the arts in sixteenth-century Florence and Rome, are as clear today as they were to the artists Medici patrons, who recognized his art as a potent tool for constructing an image of dynastic legitimacy.

Based on a decade of research in archives all over Italy, Baccio Bandinelli and Art at the Medici Court: A Corpus of Early Modern Sources brings this great, but often neglected, Renaissance artist into sharper focus for modern scholarship. It comprises a comprehensive collection of the documentation on Bandinelli's life and work. The great majority of the texts included in this volume were discovered by the author and are published for the first time, and many come from the private archive of the Bandinelli family.

All the documents are furnished with historical commentary and textual apparatus discussing their broader historical context, problems of chronology and interpretation, and later interpolations -- including hundreds of forged passages inserted by the artist's grandson, genealogist Baccio Bandinelli the Younger (1578-1636), whose role as forger of the Bandinelli legacy is exposed here for the first time.

"An incomparable achievement of scholarship" -- William Wallace, Washington University in St. Louis

"A very sizable contribution to the entire range of the Renaissance art historical academic community" -- Patricia Emison, University of New Hampshire

The Academy of Natural Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, John Bartram Association, the Library Company of Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and the Philadelphia Botanical Club sponsored a three-day symposium in May 1999 to commemorate the three-hundredth anniversary of John Bartram's birth. This collection of essays arises from that symposium. All of the essays contribute to the telling of the story of the multifaceted John Bartram, whose life spanned most of the eighteenth century and who was called "the greatest natural botanist in the world." The work is published in cooperation with the Library Company of Philadelphia and John Bartram Association.

As the essays in this collection make plain, Isaiah Berlin invented neither the term "Counter-Enlightenment" nor the concept. However, more than any other figure since the eighteenth century, Berlin appropriated the term, made it the heart of his own political thought, and imbued his interpretations of particular thinkers with its meanings and significance. His diverse treatment of writers at the margins of the Enlightenment, who themselves reflected upon what they took to be its central currents, were at once historical and philosophical. Berlin sought to show that our patterns of culture, manufactured by ourselves, must be explained differently from the ways in which we seek to fathom laws of nature. Many of the essays in this volume were prepared for the International Seminar in memory of Sir Isaiah Berlin, held at the School of History in Tel Aviv University during the academic year 1999-2000.

"Forget not Mee & My Garden. . . ," Peter Collinson wrote his Maryland friend George Robins in 1721. "If you have any Shells, Curious Stones, or any other Naturall Curiosity Remember Mee. I want one of your Humming Birds which you may send dry'd in its Feathers, and any Curious Insect." This theme echoed through Collinson's letters for the rest of his life, along with thanks for rarities received, introductions, cultivation instructions, encouragements, importunings, queries. Armstrong describes Collinson's correspondence as, "vigorous, brisk, and emphatic." His letters talk mainly of plants, but there are also antiquities, birds, butterflies, British imperial interests, sheep management in Spain, electricity, weather, fossils, insects, earthquakes, vine culture, Colonial policy, tithes, wars, terrapins, "an Infalible Remedy for the bite of a Mad Dog,' red Indians, astronomy, the making of salt, cheese fairs, the price of wheat, the power of snakes to charm, the Spanish threat to Florida, geology, French expansion," Hints . . . to Incorporate the Germans more with the [Pennsylvania] English. . . , the history of rice growing, premiums to encourage the production of silk, whether swallows migrate or winter-over under water, "Old Hock" as a remedy for gout, thundergusts, magnetism, Bezoar stones, and now and then a Quakerly comment. This selection of 187 letters is enhanced with over 120 illustrations (portraits and botanical drawings among them) , some by Mark Catesby, Georg Dionysius Ehret, William Bartram, many in color. The edition contains notes and commentary for most letters.

The Academy of Natural Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, John Bartram Association, the Library Company of Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and the Philadelphia Botanical Club sponsored a three-day symposium in May 1999 to commemorate the three-hundredth anniversary of John Bartram's birth. This collection of essays arises from that symposium. All of the essays contribute to the telling of the story of the multifaceted John Bartram, whose life spanned most of the eighteenth century and who was called "the greatest natural botanist in the world." The work is published in cooperation with the Library Company of Philadelphia and John Bartram Association.

A history of the early years of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the life and career of James Bowdoin, the Academy's first president, are given careful consideration by Frank and Fritzie Manuel. The strength of the work rests in a combination of its subject matter and execution. The subject matter is both intrinsically interesting and simultaneously neglected. Neither the accomplishments of Bowdoin nor the contributions of the members of the Academy have been adequately studied, and the Manuel's careful exploration is a valuable addition to our understanding of the founding of the nation. Using primary manuscript sources in the AAAS itself, the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Archives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and the Huntington Library, the work is, by turns, witty, learned, and often simply fascinating. The Manuels have produced a volume that offers an incomparable account of one of Revolutionary America's most elusive and fascinating figures.

Chemistry as it is known today is deeply rooted in a variety of thought and action, dating back at least as far as the fifth century B.C. In this book, Joseph S. Fruton weaves together the history of scientific investigation with social, religious, philosophical, and other events and practices that have contributed to the field of modern chemistry. The story begins with the influence of alchemy on early Greek numerology and philosophy, followed by the historical account of chemical composition and phlogiston. The life and work of Antoine Lavoisier receive extensive coverage in Chapter Three, with the remaining six chapters devoted to atoms, equivalents, and elements; radicals and types; valence and molectualr structure; stereochemistry and organic synthesis; forces, equilibria, and rates; and electrons, reaction mechanisms, and organic synthesis.

Seeking to enlarge an understanding of the nature of chemical science and explain how the concepts being taught in the classroom came to be, Robert Siegfried presents a simple, readable account of how in the eighteenth century chemical composition slowly abandoned the centuries- long tradition of metaphysical elements of earth, air, fire, and water. Through the work of such scientist as Lavoisier, Dalton, and Davy, chemical theory moved from metaphysical ELEMENTS to operationally functional ATOMS. The content of the book is based on chemical writings of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century chemists; references to recently published secondary works are intended for the benefit of readers who wish to enlarge their contextual perspectives on the development of early chemical thinking.

The autobiographical memoirs of Zeng Baosun, an extraordinary Chinese woman who was a pioneer in promoting education for girls and Christian values, are expertly translated and adapted by Thomas Kennedy. The commentary recounts Zeng Baosun's life and education, from her studies abroad, to her experiences through two world wars, to her exile in Taiwan. She emphasized the feminist commitment to leadership and improvement in the condition of women, but always within an established social and economic order.

AS AN ORGANIC WHOLE, the present collection of documents--gathered together from a variety of original sources--tells a fascinating story about the trade relationship between the English East India Company and the powerful Armenian merchant community of New Julfa that lasted over one hundred years (17th and early 18th centuries). Multifarious and complex, this relationship revolved around the Company's continual efforts to break into the Armenian held silk and cloth markets. Perhaps more than any other single event, this trade relationship epitomizes the economic climate of the period, an age of competitive partnership. With the publication of this volume, Professor Baladouni and Mrs. Makepeace place for the first time at the disposal of historians a substantive body of documents that tell how this intricate Anglo-Armenian trade relationship started and evolved. Beyond that, these documents also reveal to the astute historian the human experiences that lie behind the participants' actions. The extensive topical indexes provided in the volume will be of great assistance to researchers. Finally, in the Introduction, Professor Baladouni addresses the question "What was the key to the Armenian merchants' success during the pre-modern period?" and submits a hypothesis for consideration. He proposes that their "fabulous success" may be attributed to the rare atmosphere of trust that prevailed among the Armenian merchant community which, in turn, led to two significant benefits: (1) organizational cost savings; and (2) organizational innovations. A glossary of terms and several indexes complete the study.

Historians of European music of the early-modern period have focused particular attention upon the formal institutions and agents of patronage: ecclesiastical institutions, royal and aristocratic courts, etc. Like their colleagues in sister humanistic disciplines, musicologists are increasingly focusing upon less formal private "institutions" and traditions of patronage: informal academies and societies, the activities of individuals, convivial aristocratic companies. Cultural life in early-sixteenth-century Florence was characterized by the practices of a series of vital institutions of this type: the famous group that met in the Rucellai garden, the Medici Sacred Academy, the Companies of the Broncone, Cazzuola, and Diamante. Such informal institutions had considerable virtues as agents of patronage; their less routinized practices freed them to engage in experimentation that the larger and more public and formal institutions were less likely to support, given their regularized practices and well-established traditions. For music historians, the importance of these informal agents of patronage is that they reveal a relationship to the early madrigal: to early madrigal poets and composers, whose professional activities were closely aligned to those of the contemporary informal academies and literary societies. Through reference to sources multidisciplinary in nature, this study reconstructs the memberships, cultural activities, and musical experiences of these informal Florentine institutions and relates them to the emergence of the madrigal, the foremost secular musical genre of early-modern Europe.

Anthony M. Cummings received a Ph.D. in Musicology from Princeton University in 1980, where he was a Lecturer in Music. His dissertation was on "A Florentine Sacred Repertory from the Medici Restoration." From 1990-1992 he was a member of the program staff at The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. He has been an Associate Professor of Music in the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Tulane University since 1992. Dr. Cummings currently is Chairman of the Newcomb Department of Music at Tulane. Articles and other publications include "Giulio de' Medici's Music Books" (in Early Music History X, Cambridge University Press, 1991, pages 63-120), The Politicized Muse: Music for Medici Festivals, 1512-1537 (Princeton Essays on the Arts, Princeton University Press, 1992), University Libraries and Scholarly Communication: A Study Prepared for the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation (with William G. Bowen, et al., The Haworth Press, 1996), and "Music: Transmission of Music" (in Encyclopedia of the Renaissance, edited by Paul F. Grendler, Charles Scribner's Sons in association with the Renaissance Society of America, 2000.

"The scholarship is sound, well documented, and up to date. One of the strengths of the book is the breadth of its coverage. The material will be of interest to scholars in all areas of Florentine Renaissance studies. The author's comprehensive organization of the material and the conclusions he draws from it, and his ideas about the role of Medici patronage of the early madrigal, are original and important. The book is richly illustrated with both visual materials and musical examples. A wonderful contribution." -- Ruth I. DeFord, Ph.D., Professor of Music, Harvard University
Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York

In this comprehensive catalogue of the work of the 15th-century painter and draftsman, Stefano da Verona (1375-ca. 1438), Karet reviews past scholarship and corrects old misunderstandings that produced an inconsistent, heterogeneous and misinformed corpus. Her attributions are based on stylistic arguments, technical analysis, and the relationship of the drawings to a limited number of secure paintings by this important Late Gothic North Italian painter. The restricted but sound body of works Stefano da Verona executed is compiled in rich catalogue entries that include discussions of style, iconography, patronage, paper and sketchbook analysis, important issues of workshop production and of the history of drawings and collectionism. Karet also transcribes and translates 15th-century Italian inscriptions and texts in various dialects found on the drawings. The catalogue includes a group of fully annotated rejected works that touch upon important issues involving drawings by Stefano's contemporaries. The author also reconstructs a sketchbook drafted by Stefano, one of the first artists to preserve his ideas in this way. Karet's Drawings of Stefano da Verona is a significant addition to the history of drawing in the important transitional decades from the Late Gothic to the Renaissance.

Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni (1667-1740) and the Vatican Tomb of Pope Alexander VIII examines the commission of the Vatican tomb of Pope Alexander VIII Ottoboni by his great-nephew Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni. Although neglected for centuries, the Ottoboni monument occupies the most strategic liturgical position in the complex of tombs in the Vatican basilica. It is impressive in scale, and offers a commanding presence on the path from the papal entryway to the apse and main altar, with a majestic papal effigy, a visually compelling narrative relief carving, and symbolically important allegories.

Using unpublished archival documents in the Vatican and Lateran archives, this study discusses in detail the thirty-year campaign for the construction of the tomb and identifies the artists and artisans responsible for the project. The monograph is comprehensive in its stylistic analysis, exploration of iconography, discussion of liturgical practice, and consideration of studio procedures beginning with patron and artist, architect and sculptors, and sculptor and artisans. reveals why the project required three decades to complete.

Edward Olszewski received a Ph.D. in Renaissance-Baroque Art in 1874 from the University of Minnesota. His thesis topic was "Armenini's Treatise on Painting." He also has a Ph.D. in Inorganic Chemistry from the University of Illinois, received in 1964. Dr. Olszewski has worked at the University of South Florida as a Visiting Research Associate Professor, ADM Chemicals as a Research Chemist, and the University of Minnesota as a Teaching Associate. Currently he is a Professor of Art History at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. Additional honors and leadership positions include nomination for the John S. Diekhoff Award for Distinguished Graduate Teaching at Case Western Reserve University in 2002 (he won the award in 1986), Program Coordinator of the Sixteenth Century Studies Conference in 2000, Fellow of Early Modern History, Sixteenth Century Studies Conference, in 1998, and Program Chair of the Midwest Art History Society Annual Meeting in 1996. Dr. Olszewski was President of the Midwest Art History Society from 1981-1984, received a Grant-in-aid from the Butkin Foundation in 1990, was given a travel grant from the American Council of Learned Societies, Seventh International Congress on the Enlightenment (Budapest, Hungary) in 1987, and was named a Delmas Fellow by the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation in 1986. Dr. Olszewski has written several books, including Drawings in Midwestern Collections, I: Early Drawings (1996) and Drawings in Midwestern Collections, II: 1500-1600 (2003). He also is the author of The Draftsman's Eye (1981), and Giovanni Battista Armenini: On the True Precepts of the Art of Painting (1977). Articles that Dr. Olszewski has written have appeared in art journals worldwide, including Römischen Jahrbuch der Bibliotheca Hertziana, Artibus et Historiae, and Cleveland Studies.

"Professor Olszewski has produced a well-written, informative, and important monograph. And, in the process, he has expanded our understanding of contemporary workshop practice and art making in the Rome of the later Baroque period.

There are sections where the author's meticulous care and insightful reconstruction of events gives the reader a sense of "being there" in the day-to-day process of work on the site. These parts make for especially exciting and engaging reading." -- Brian Curran, Department of Art History, Pennsylvania State University

"An absolutely wonderful piece of work." -- Helen North, Centennial Professor of Classics Emerita, Swarthmore College

Winner of the John Frederick Lewis Award for 2004, American Philosophical Society.

More than five centuries after his birth, the contradictions embodied by the Florentine sculptor Baccio Bandinelli (1493-1560) remain as mysterious as ever. Revered by contemporaries as one of the most important sculptors of his time, he was reviled by his enemies as a truculent, foul-mouthed, avaricious, sycophantic, craven humbug. But the originality and power or Bandinelli's work, and the long shadow it cast over the arts in sixteenth-century Florence and Rome, are as clear today as they were to the artists Medici patrons, who recognized his art as a potent tool for constructing an image of dynastic legitimacy.

Based on a decade of research in archives all over Italy, Baccio Bandinelli and Art at the Medici Court: A Corpus of Early Modern Sources brings this great, but often neglected, Renaissance artist into sharper focus for modern scholarship. It comprises a comprehensive collection of the documentation on Bandinelli's life and work. The great majority of the texts included in this volume were discovered by the author and are published for the first time, and many come from the private archive of the Bandinelli family.

All the documents are furnished with historical commentary and textual apparatus discussing their broader historical context, problems of chronology and interpretation, and later interpolations -- including hundreds of forged passages inserted by the artist's grandson, genealogist Baccio Bandinelli the Younger (1578-1636), whose role as forger of the Bandinelli legacy is exposed here for the first time.

"An incomparable achievement of scholarship" -- William Wallace, Washington University in St. Louis

"A very sizable contribution to the entire range of the Renaissance art historical academic community" -- Patricia Emison, University of New Hampshire

The autobiographical memoirs of Zeng Baosun, an extraordinary Chinese woman who was a pioneer in promoting education for girls and Christian values, are expertly translated and adapted by Thomas Kennedy. The commentary recounts Zeng Baosun's life and education, from her studies abroad, to her experiences through two world wars, to her exile in Taiwan. She emphasized the feminist commitment to leadership and improvement in the condition of women, but always within an established social and economic order.

Jean Fernel (1497-1558) was one of the foremost medical writers of his day, ranked by his contemporaries alongside Andreas Vesalius, reformer of anatomical studies, and Paracelsus, radical reformer of theories of disease and treatment. He is arguably the leading expositor of the Galenic system of medicine. He exemplifies in his Physiologia the method and approach of a typical Aristotelian philosopher in the period immediately before the downfall of Renaissance Scholasticism. John Forrester offers the Physiologia here in its entirety and provides, for the first time, a complete English translation of the work.

FOLLOWING THE DEATH OF ST LOUIS, a new court fashion of ostentatious display was introduced into French stained glass with the advent of Queen Marie de Brabant, who in 1274 became the second wife of St Louis's heir Philippe le hardi. Little stained glass in this new style survives, since the very motifs that made it different--large donor 'portraits,' elaborate heraldry, lavish name--inscriptions -- became the most attractive targets of vandalism during the Hundred Years War, the Franco -- Burgundian struggles of the fifteenth century, the Huguenot conflict thereafter, and finally the French Revolution. This study reconstructs two ensembles in the new court style, at Mussy--sur--Seine in southern Champagne and at the famous medieval hospital of Tonnerre in Burgundy. Both of them can be directly connected with the extraordinary figure of Marguerite de Bourgogne. Burgundian princess, second wife and then widow of Charles d'Anjou, St Louis' brother, and titled the Queen of Sicily, Marguerite was a great peacemaker and one of the most revered agents of Christian charity of the Gothic era. The Mussy windows can be reconstructed almost completely with evidence from the surviving images, archival data, early photographs and drawings, stylistic analysis, and careful identification of the heraldry and inscriptions. One bay was a gift of Gui de Genève, bishop of Langres; another window was donated by the mason Perrenet Barottier (here identified as the designer of Mussy and Tonnerre) and his wife Jacquette; yet another was a memorial to Gui de Mussy, soldier of Charles d'Anjou in Naples and undoubtedly killed in the Sicilian Vespers massacre of 1282. Finally, the Queen contributed the axial clerestory (the Crucifixion), the bay beneath it (the local St Vallier, patron of her parish at her residence in Tonnerre) and probably another window--totally destroyed but probably adorned with crowned images of Marguerite and Charles d'Anjou and their heraldry.

The Comité du Librairie of the Académie Royale des Sciences in Paris and its influence on modern scientific refereeing are examined in this 2003 J.F. Lewis Award-winning monograph. James McClellan investigates the development and growth of the Comité du Librairie in the late eighteenth century, and its influence in establishing international norms for processing, modifying, and authorizing books and papers for publication. Pointing out that "historians of the Académie Royale des Science have known about the Comité de Libraririe and had logged the existence of its registers, but no one had studied them in detail," he presents a comprehensive and authoritative history of the Comité.

Arising in the first decades of the twentieth century, the Boy Scout and Girl Guide movements came into existence in Britain in an era of social and political unrest and were initially the center of intense controversy. Through the years, Guiding and Scouting broke down class, race, and gender distinctions and helped youth cope with an emerging mass culture and allowed boys and girls to stretch gender and generational boundaries. Using official documents, logbooks, diaries, and oral histories, Tammy Proctor explores the formation of the Scouts and Guides and their transformation during and after World War I. The interwar period marked a departure for the two organizations as they emerged as large multinational organizations that targeted not only adolesents, but also smaller children and young adults.

"Forget not Mee & My Garden. . . ," Peter Collinson wrote his Maryland friend George Robins in 1721. "If you have any Shells, Curious Stones, or any other Naturall Curiosity Remember Mee. I want one of your Humming Birds which you may send dry'd in its Feathers, and any Curious Insect." This theme echoed through Collinson's letters for the rest of his life, along with thanks for rarities received, introductions, cultivation instructions, encouragements, importunings, queries. Armstrong describes Collinson's correspondence as, "vigorous, brisk, and emphatic." His letters talk mainly of plants, but there are also antiquities, birds, butterflies, British imperial interests, sheep management in Spain, electricity, weather, fossils, insects, earthquakes, vine culture, Colonial policy, tithes, wars, terrapins, "an Infalible Remedy for the bite of a Mad Dog,' red Indians, astronomy, the making of salt, cheese fairs, the price of wheat, the power of snakes to charm, the Spanish threat to Florida, geology, French expansion," Hints . . . to Incorporate the Germans more with the [Pennsylvania] English. . . , the history of rice growing, premiums to encourage the production of silk, whether swallows migrate or winter-over under water, "Old Hock" as a remedy for gout, thundergusts, magnetism, Bezoar stones, and now and then a Quakerly comment. This selection of 187 letters is enhanced with over 120 illustrations (portraits and botanical drawings among them) , some by Mark Catesby, Georg Dionysius Ehret, William Bartram, many in color. The edition contains notes and commentary for most letters.

Papers given at a conference on Scientific Exploration in North America to 1930 with topics including Cartography, Oceanic Exploration, Art, Anthropology, Lewis and Clark, and the West.

THIS VOLUME CONTINUES Marshall Clagett' s studies of the various aspects of the science of Ancient Egypt. Like its predecessors, it has two main objectives: first to summarize and analyze the principal features of a nascent and yet important part of that science, namely its mathematics, and second to present in English six of the most important mathematical documents on which the preceding analysis was based. Thus we find treated in the first part of the work Egyptian measurement that lay behind the various calculating procedures, the procedures themselves, and the model problems that were gathered together to aid the calculators in their efforts to complete practcal measures. The author includes detailed descriptions of the various kinds of tables that the Egyptians depended upon in their calculations, an important one being the Table of Two that presented the division of 2 by the odd numbers from 3 to 101. This table reveals the nature of Egyptian fractions and their form of notation as the sums of unit fractions, a form leading to the use of a concept very useful for measure-ment, that of significant fractional approximations achieved by dropping one or more of the lesser fractions at the end of a set of unit fractions. The Table of Two occupies the first section of the most important of all Egyptian mathematical documents, the Rhind Papyrus, the papyrus which stands at the head of the documents in Part II of the volume. Following the series of documents in Part II with their extensive endnotes, the author gives in Part III a bibliography, an Index of Egyptian Terms, and an Index of Proper Names and Subjects. To assist the reader who controls the Egyptian language there is finally an extensive collection of illustrations which includes, together with pertinent diagrams and tables, reproductions of the hieratic texts of the documents with their hieroglyphic transcriptions.

Copepod crustaceans are the most numerous multicellular animals on earth. They occur in every free-living and parasitic aquatic niche. Copepods have been known since the time of Aristotle, yet there has never been a history of the study of copepods. This volume, the first in a planned three-volume series, reviews the discoveries of copepods to 1832, the year that the two distinct branches, the free-living copepods (long-known as insects) and the parasitic copepods (thought to be molluscs or worms) were finally acknowledged as members of the same Class Crustacea. The narrative includes the biographies of 90 early copepodologists and recounts their most important contributions to science. Portraits are included for two-thirds of the subjects, with considerable new material as well as information and illustrations from obscure sources. Milestones include the first description of copepods (ca. 350 B.C.), the first illustration (1554), the first free-living freshwater copepod (1688), the first explanation of a free-living copepod's metamorphosis (1756), the first permanently named copepod (1758), the first free-living marine copepod (1770), and the first description of a parasitic copepod's metamorphosis (1819). The work ends with a transition to the mid-19th century, previewing numerous personal connections that pointed toward copepodology's Golden Age in the 1890s, to be covered in Volume 2. A final volume will take the history of the study of copepods to ca. 1950.

Chemistry as it is known today is deeply rooted in a variety of thought and action, dating back at least as far as the fifth century B.C. In this book, Joseph S. Fruton weaves together the history of scientific investigation with social, religious, philosophical, and other events and practices that have contributed to the field of modern chemistry. The story begins with the influence of alchemy on early Greek numerology and philosophy, followed by the historical account of chemical composition and phlogiston. The life and work of Antoine Lavoisier receive extensive coverage in Chapter Three, with the remaining six chapters devoted to atoms, equivalents, and elements; radicals and types; valence and molectualr structure; stereochemistry and organic synthesis; forces, equilibria, and rates; and electrons, reaction mechanisms, and organic synthesis.

The Academy of Natural Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, John Bartram Association, the Library Company of Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and the Philadelphia Botanical Club sponsored a three-day symposium in May 1999 to commemorate the three-hundredth anniversary of John Bartram's birth. This collection of essays arises from that symposium. All of the essays contribute to the telling of the story of the multifaceted John Bartram, whose life spanned most of the eighteenth century and who was called "the greatest natural botanist in the world." The work is published in cooperation with the Library Company of Philadelphia and John Bartram Association.

61 pp., $15.00 paper.

The Comité du Librairie of the Académie Royale des Sciences in Paris and its influence on modern scientific refereeing are examined in this 2003 J.F. Lewis Award-winning monograph. James McClellan investigates the development and growth of the Comité du Librairie in the late eighteenth century, and its influence in establishing international norms for processing, modifying, and authorizing books and papers for publication. Pointing out that "historians of the Académie Royale des Science have known about the Comité de Libraririe and had logged the existence of its registers, but no one had studied them in detail," he presents a comprehensive and authoritative history of the Comité.

This catalogue of the astronomical manuscripts preserved at the Maharaja Man Singh Museum provides a substantial part of the foundation for an extensive and penetrating analysis of the astronomical activities of Sawäï Jayasimha Maharaja from 1700 to 1743. Jayasimha collected Sanskrit manuscripts of traditional Indian astronomy, acquired Arabic and Persian manuscripts representative of the Muslim interpretation of Ptolemaic astronomy, built five observatories at which he employed both Hindu and Muslim observors, and produced a set of astronomical tables in Persian based on the Latin tables of Philippe de La Hire.

The Curatorial Department of the American Philosophical Society presents a catalogue of the exhibition being held in Philosophical Hall from June 2003 through December 2004. The exhibit focuses on the blending of art and science in the study of natural history in North America. It explores the cultural assumptions that governed the practice of natural history on the North American continent in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Focusing on the study of living things -- plants, animals, and indigenous peoples -- it looks at how and why Euro-Americans of the Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment periods went about explaining the world the way they did. Exhibit items include historical specimens, manuscript materials, first-edition books, and art work.

GERMAN BORN, JACQUES LOEB was both a biologist (nominated for the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1901) and political activist. Drawing on his correspondence, the authors highlight Loeb's organizational actions and political opinions during the years of 1906 to 1924, the year of his death. As a social activist and scientist, Loeb influenced, Rasmussen and Tilman say, "the scientific community, the politically sensitive public, and ultimately the underlying population against conservative and reactionary attitudes toward race, ethnicity, poverty, criminality, war and religion." In chapters on Loeb's research agenda, position on World War I, social activism, his influence on the economist Thorstein Veblen and finally on his philosophy and politics, the authors sketch a man who was hailed early in his career for his work on spontaneous generation of marine embryos and recognized later for his active challenge to social intolerance.

Seeking to enlarge an understanding of the nature of chemical science and explain how the concepts being taught in the classroom came to be, Robert Siegfried presents a simple, readable account of how in the eighteenth century chemical composition slowly abandoned the centuries- long tradition of metaphysical elements of earth, air, fire, and water. Through the work of such scientist as Lavoisier, Dalton, and Davy, chemical theory moved from metaphysical ELEMENTS to operationally functional ATOMS. The content of the book is based on chemical writings of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century chemists; references to recently published secondary works are intended for the benefit of readers who wish to enlarge their contextual perspectives on the development of early chemical thinking.

Sometime between 1028 and 1038, Ibn al-Haytham completed his monumental optical synthesis, Kitab al-Manazir ("Book of Optics"). By no later than 1200, and perhaps somewhat earlier, this treatise appeared in Latin under the title De aspectibus. In that form it was attributed to a certain "Alhacen." These differences in title and authorial designation are indicative of the profound differences between the two versions, Arabic and Latin, of the treatise. In many ways, in fact, they can be regarded not simply as different versions of the same work, but as different works in their own right. Accordingly, the Arab author, Ibn al-Haytham, and his Latin incarnation, Alhacen, represent two distinct, sometimes even conflicting, interpretive voices. And the same holds for their respective texts.

To complicate matters, "Alhacen" does not represent a single interpretive voice. There were at least two translators at work on the Latin text, one of them adhering faithfully to the Arabic original, the other content with distilling, even paraphrasing, the Arabic original. Consequently, the Latin text presents not one, but at least two faces to the reader. This critical edition represents fourteen years of work on Dr. Smith's part.

Awarded the 2001 J. F. Lewis Award.

Sir Francis Galton is well understood to have served as an influential mentor for the educational psychologists who supplied crucial doctrine to American eugenics in its classic period, 1903 to 1930. Yet the nature of his influence has never been specified. The psychologists' own claim as to the Galton's contribution-that he provided sufficient justification for their absolutist hereditarianism-was clearly disingenuous. Rather, the English polymath appears to have functioned in large part as a model for these figures, who appear to have been instrumentally informed by their perceptions of Galton's ulterior purposes in constructing eugenics as he did. Any of various features in the forty-five-year-long course of that development could have encouraged these particular legatees to appreciate both Galton and his product as surreptitious stanchers of democracy.

The American Philosophical Society in conjunction with the Independence National Historical Park announces the publication of the first catalog of the portraits in the INHP collection. These portraits, most of which are exhibited in the Second Bank of the United States, consist of 255 works, 109 of them by Charles Willson Peale. Many were first exhibited in Peale's Museum and included likenesses of heroes of the American Revolution and founders of American government, statesmen, jurists, men of science, art and letters. The collection was enhanced by the addition of the works of notable 18th and 19th Anglo-American artists. The book is divided into two major sections-a history of the collection dividing it chapters covering works pre-1950, 1850-1900 and 1900-1951, and a catalog. Each catalog entry is enhanced with either a black and white or four-color reproduction and contains a physical description of the portrait, a brief biography of the subject, the circumstance of the portrait's commission and its provenance. The editor and authors made extensive use of the Peale papers and other special collections in the American Philosophical Society Library archives. This study should be useful for museum staff, historians (of American and Art history), and visitors to Independence Historical National Park.

In this comprehensive catalogue of the work of the 15th-century painter and draftsman, Stefano da Verona (1375-ca. 1438), Karet reviews past scholarship and corrects old misunderstandings that produced an inconsistent, heterogeneous and misinformed corpus. Her attributions are based on stylistic arguments, technical analysis, and the relationship of the drawings to a limited number of secure paintings by this important Late Gothic North Italian painter. The restricted but sound body of works Stefano da Verona executed is compiled in rich catalogue entries that include discussions of style, iconography, patronage, paper and sketchbook analysis, important issues of workshop production and of the history of drawings and collectionism. Karet also transcribes and translates 15th-century Italian inscriptions and texts in various dialects found on the drawings. The catalogue includes a group of fully annotated rejected works that touch upon important issues involving drawings by Stefano's contemporaries. The author also reconstructs a sketchbook drafted by Stefano, one of the first artists to preserve his ideas in this way. Karet's Drawings of Stefano da Verona is a significant addition to the history of drawing in the important transitional decades from the Late Gothic to the Renaissance.

FOLLOWING THE DEATH OF ST LOUIS, a new court fashion of ostentatious display was introduced into French stained glass with the advent of Queen Marie de Brabant, who in 1274 became the second wife of St Louis's heir Philippe le hardi. Little stained glass in this new style survives, since the very motifs that made it different--large donor 'portraits,' elaborate heraldry, lavish name--inscriptions -- became the most attractive targets of vandalism during the Hundred Years War, the Franco -- Burgundian struggles of the fifteenth century, the Huguenot conflict thereafter, and finally the French Revolution. This study reconstructs two ensembles in the new court style, at Mussy--sur--Seine in southern Champagne and at the famous medieval hospital of Tonnerre in Burgundy. Both of them can be directly connected with the extraordinary figure of Marguerite de Bourgogne. Burgundian princess, second wife and then widow of Charles d'Anjou, St Louis' brother, and titled the Queen of Sicily, Marguerite was a great peacemaker and one of the most revered agents of Christian charity of the Gothic era. The Mussy windows can be reconstructed almost completely with evidence from the surviving images, archival data, early photographs and drawings, stylistic analysis, and careful identification of the heraldry and inscriptions. One bay was a gift of Gui de Genève, bishop of Langres; another window was donated by the mason Perrenet Barottier (here identified as the designer of Mussy and Tonnerre) and his wife Jacquette; yet another was a memorial to Gui de Mussy, soldier of Charles d'Anjou in Naples and undoubtedly killed in the Sicilian Vespers massacre of 1282. Finally, the Queen contributed the axial clerestory (the Crucifixion), the bay beneath it (the local St Vallier, patron of her parish at her residence in Tonnerre) and probably another window--totally destroyed but probably adorned with crowned images of Marguerite and Charles d'Anjou and their heraldry.

This is a monographic study of the eighteenth-century Italian sculptor. Born in Florence in 1698, Della Valle came to Rome in 1725 upon the death of his uncle and master, Giovanni Saftista Foggini. There he remained until his death in 1768. The phrase "passive tranquillity" refers both to the style of Della Valle's sculpture and the ambiance of eighteenth-century Rome, and, further, serves to distinguish Della Valle from his better known precursors, Gianlorenzo Bernini and Michelangelo. Theirs was a sculpture of the heroic and highly expressive. Della Valle's sculpture represents figures of an introverted, self-effacing, and serene type. In its demonstrations of the ways in which Della Valle's art could have been formed by the institutions and broader cultural currents of eighteenth-century Rome, the text seeks to account for that sense of quiescence and composure common to the arts of settecento Rome. The catalogue raisonné brings together previously unpublished documents and photographs of Della Valle's work and provides evidence for attributions and the circumstances of patronage.

Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni (1667-1740) and the Vatican Tomb of Pope Alexander VIII examines the commission of the Vatican tomb of Pope Alexander VIII Ottoboni by his great-nephew Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni. Although neglected for centuries, the Ottoboni monument occupies the most strategic liturgical position in the complex of tombs in the Vatican basilica. It is impressive in scale, and offers a commanding presence on the path from the papal entryway to the apse and main altar, with a majestic papal effigy, a visually compelling narrative relief carving, and symbolically important allegories.

Using unpublished archival documents in the Vatican and Lateran archives, this study discusses in detail the thirty-year campaign for the construction of the tomb and identifies the artists and artisans responsible for the project. The monograph is comprehensive in its stylistic analysis, exploration of iconography, discussion of liturgical practice, and consideration of studio procedures beginning with patron and artist, architect and sculptors, and sculptor and artisans. reveals why the project required three decades to complete.

Edward Olszewski received a Ph.D. in Renaissance-Baroque Art in 1874 from the University of Minnesota. His thesis topic was "Armenini's Treatise on Painting." He also has a Ph.D. in Inorganic Chemistry from the University of Illinois, received in 1964. Dr. Olszewski has worked at the University of South Florida as a Visiting Research Associate Professor, ADM Chemicals as a Research Chemist, and the University of Minnesota as a Teaching Associate. Currently he is a Professor of Art History at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. Additional honors and leadership positions include nomination for the John S. Diekhoff Award for Distinguished Graduate Teaching at Case Western Reserve University in 2002 (he won the award in 1986), Program Coordinator of the Sixteenth Century Studies Conference in 2000, Fellow of Early Modern History, Sixteenth Century Studies Conference, in 1998, and Program Chair of the Midwest Art History Society Annual Meeting in 1996. Dr. Olszewski was President of the Midwest Art History Society from 1981-1984, received a Grant-in-aid from the Butkin Foundation in 1990, was given a travel grant from the American Council of Learned Societies, Seventh International Congress on the Enlightenment (Budapest, Hungary) in 1987, and was named a Delmas Fellow by the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation in 1986. Dr. Olszewski has written several books, including Drawings in Midwestern Collections, I: Early Drawings (1996) and Drawings in Midwestern Collections, II: 1500-1600 (2003). He also is the author of The Draftsman's Eye (1981), and Giovanni Battista Armenini: On the True Precepts of the Art of Painting (1977). Articles that Dr. Olszewski has written have appeared in art journals worldwide, including Römischen Jahrbuch der Bibliotheca Hertziana, Artibus et Historiae, and Cleveland Studies.

"Professor Olszewski has produced a well-written, informative, and important monograph. And, in the process, he has expanded our understanding of contemporary workshop practice and art making in the Rome of the later Baroque period.

There are sections where the author's meticulous care and insightful reconstruction of events gives the reader a sense of "being there" in the day-to-day process of work on the site. These parts make for especially exciting and engaging reading." -- Brian Curran, Department of Art History, Pennsylvania State University

"An absolutely wonderful piece of work." -- Helen North, Centennial Professor of Classics Emerita, Swarthmore College

Winner of the John Frederick Lewis Award for 2004, American Philosophical Society.

The Curatorial Department of the American Philosophical Society presents a catalogue of the exhibition being held in Philosophical Hall from June 2003 through December 2004. The exhibit focuses on the blending of art and science in the study of natural history in North America. It explores the cultural assumptions that governed the practice of natural history on the North American continent in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Focusing on the study of living things -- plants, animals, and indigenous peoples -- it looks at how and why Euro-Americans of the Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment periods went about explaining the world the way they did. Exhibit items include historical specimens, manuscript materials, first-edition books, and art work.

Illuminated manuscripts are among the more intimate works of art surviving from the medieval period, for they usually were designed to edify and delight a specific owner. The Queen Mary Psalter (c. 1316?-21) has long been recognized as one of the most outstanding English Gothic manuscripts. Its straightforward devotional texts are framed by a richly encyclopedic series of narrative images painted in a delicate and courtly style. The psalms are introduced by an Old Testament preface in which lively tinted drawings are explained by chatty French captions. The psalm decoration incorporates a combination of framed illuminations of the life of Christ at the beginnings of important psalms, and tiny tinted drawings in the bottom margin of every page that tell stories ranging from the bestiary to the lives of the saints. Queen Mary Tudor owned the Psalter two centuries after it was made, but substantial contextual evidence suggests that its original owner was Isabelle of France, the queen of Edward II of England and mother of Edward III. For Isabelle and her household, the Psalter provided a richly layered experience in the reading of texts, and images, for the wide variety of viewers in the queen's household.

Winner of the 2000 Millennium Award.

More than five centuries after his birth, the contradictions embodied by the Florentine sculptor Baccio Bandinelli (1493-1560) remain as mysterious as ever. Revered by contemporaries as one of the most important sculptors of his time, he was reviled by his enemies as a truculent, foul-mouthed, avaricious, sycophantic, craven humbug. But the originality and power or Bandinelli's work, and the long shadow it cast over the arts in sixteenth-century Florence and Rome, are as clear today as they were to the artists Medici patrons, who recognized his art as a potent tool for constructing an image of dynastic legitimacy.

Based on a decade of research in archives all over Italy, Baccio Bandinelli and Art at the Medici Court: A Corpus of Early Modern Sources brings this great, but often neglected, Renaissance artist into sharper focus for modern scholarship. It comprises a comprehensive collection of the documentation on Bandinelli's life and work. The great majority of the texts included in this volume were discovered by the author and are published for the first time, and many come from the private archive of the Bandinelli family.

All the documents are furnished with historical commentary and textual apparatus discussing their broader historical context, problems of chronology and interpretation, and later interpolations -- including hundreds of forged passages inserted by the artist's grandson, genealogist Baccio Bandinelli the Younger (1578-1636), whose role as forger of the Bandinelli legacy is exposed here for the first time.

"An incomparable achievement of scholarship" -- William Wallace, Washington University in St. Louis

"A very sizable contribution to the entire range of the Renaissance art historical academic community" -- Patricia Emison, University of New Hampshire

Jean Fernel (1497-1558) was one of the foremost medical writers of his day, ranked by his contemporaries alongside Andreas Vesalius, reformer of anatomical studies, and Paracelsus, radical reformer of theories of disease and treatment. He is arguably the leading expositor of the Galenic system of medicine. He exemplifies in his Physiologia the method and approach of a typical Aristotelian philosopher in the period immediately before the downfall of Renaissance Scholasticism. John Forrester offers the Physiologia here in its entirety and provides, for the first time, a complete English translation of the work.

Toward the end of February in 1877, a letter from the county council of Telha, a municipio of some six hundred inhabitants located in the Serra da Mattos reported that people were dying from starvation. The previous year's rainy season or "winter" had been sparse, and the harvest, poor. Now, this season's rains still had not appeared. This was the Great Drought-three years of failed rains enshrined in subsequent Brazilian historical memory as the worst drought ever to hit Brazil's northeast. Drought had visited the region throughout its history, with the earliest recorded occurrences dating back to the sixteenth century. Prior to the Great Drought, the last significant drought had taken place in 1844-45. That relatively long interval of good rains made the failure of rains in 1877 even more devastating, for it caught the provinces of the north totally unprepared.

Despite all this official concern, the numerous academic studies, ambitious plans, and publicly-funded projects, the specter of periodic droughts producing dislocation and death continues to haunt the region. As Nancy Schepper-Hughes affirms, "if there is one raw and vital nerve among Nordestinos [northeasterners] it is their horror of drought . . . and thirst." Northeasterners see drought as both a cause and symbol of their region's relative underdevelopment, and claim that this reflects a longstanding pattern of government favoritism toward the south. In this view as well, the northeast has been exploited by southern business and financial interests, drained of both its people and capital. Outside the region, the derisive terms "drought industries" and "drought industrialists" express a widely-held belief that northeastern politicians have shamelessly exploited drought to provide patronage for their cronies, waxing rich off the misery of the ignorant masses. This supposedly explains the long history of failed attempts to "solve" the drought problem.

Papers given at a conference on Scientific Exploration in North America to 1930 with topics including Cartography, Oceanic Exploration, Art, Anthropology, Lewis and Clark, and the West.